understanding router or a hotspot

                            WIRELESS ROUTER OR A ACCESS POINT                        

here i have taken the topic "wireless router" or can be called as the access point in technical terms.wireless routers are normally used for wireless connectivity of Internet in ant public or private place. by government or any firm.wireless router are used for even networking purposes also.a normal wireless router is a networking  device that performs many functions of a router like connecting multiple devices in one single network,functions like firewall,NAT,PAT,websites blocking etc can be configured in router or wireless access point. It is used to provide access to the Internet or connecting multiple devices like a switch do in a single network.a router can be configured as a LAN switch or a single network connection.there are different types of routers for different use or for the purpose of use.for household use we have to check the range that is depends on the area of house,on the basis of this the router is beneficial. types of router depends on range,ghz. 

                         there are many companies that are manufacturing routers :

• D-Link 
• T-P Link
• Beetel
• Linksys
• Cisco
• Netgear
• Micromax
• tenda
• hathway
• asus

in todays networking world routers are also being designed for storage purpose like cloud storage or external harddisk,routers are also being connected to music systems like wireless bluetooth speakers.like asus ,netgear wind40,etc

                                            

                                         router connected at my place

now here some tips for the non IT peoples that are having wireless router at there home office or there shops for internet connection and are not having technical knowledge about configuring the router,setting up the router ,loging the router, changing password ,changing the ssid. checking the devices connected to router.whom to block and which device should be allowed to connect to internet .there are many settings that a non IT background person can't understand and they simply call the engineer to setup the router .it takes time and to save the time you should know the basic and working of router .Here are some tips to use a wifi router .Here are some interestig things ,can be understand.Use it with more fun else with wireless .Learn working of wifi ROUTER as millions are using .may be simple for techies like me but is a big deal for businessman, house broadband users , people just having Internet connection.Wireless Routers. Wireless routers connect to your modem and create a wireless signal in your home or office. So, any computer within range can connect to your wireless router and use your broadband Internet for free. The only way to keep anyone from connecting to your system is to secure your router.before you understand  the world of routers, you need to understand what a broadband connection is and how it works.broadband connection is the cableconnection of internet connected to any house ,office or back office.According to Dictionary.com, broadband is a high-speed, high-capacity transmission medium that can carry signals from multiple independent network carriers. This is done on a single coaxial or fiber-optic cable by establishing different bandwidth channels. Broadband technology can support a wide range of frequencies. It is used to transmit data, voice and video over long distances simultaneously.

table of types of wifi router

router  802.11 b	-: are not in market as not available now as not secured and were not compatible now   these routers were having speed of 54 mbps that doesn’t meets that standards now.
router  802.11 g	it  have 8 ports  ,it is having  WEP, WPA, WPA2, WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup),  WPA2-Enterprise, 802.1x Authentication, RADIUS  Server ipv6 compatible, firewall ,parental control
router  802.11 n	it  have 8 ports  ,it is having  WEP, WPA, WPA2, WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup),  WPA2-Enterprise, 802.1x authentication, RADIUS  Server   ipv6 compatible, firewall ,parental control
router  802.11 a	are having 8 ports for connectivity and are having  WPA , WEP , WPA2  { WIFI  PROTECTED} security.

2.4 GHz 802.11 channels

There is a total of fourteen channels defined for use by Wi-Fi 802.11 for the 2.4 GHz ISM band. many of them are allowed in country while many of them are suspended. 11 are allowed by the FCC and used in what is often termed the North American domain, and 13 are allowed in Europe where channels have been defined by ETSI. The WLAN / Wi-Fi channels are spaced 5 MHz apart .2.4 ghz frequency is currently being used in countries in router technlogy.wireless router are working on the basis of the location .wireless router is also installed on the basis of country. 

The 802.11 WLAN standards specify a bandwidth of 22 MHz and channels are on a 5 MHz incremental step. Often nominal figures for the channel bandwidth of 20 MHz are often given. The 20 / 22 MHz bandwidth and channel separation of 5 MHz means that adjacent channels overlap and signals on adjacent channels will interfere with each other.

The 22 MHz channel bandwidth holds for all standards even though 802.11b WLAN standard can run at variety of speeds: 1, 2, 5.5, or 11 Mbps and the newer 802.11g standard can run at speeds up to 54 Mbps. The differences occur in the RF modulation scheme used, but the WLAN channels are identical across all of the applicable 802.11 standards.

When using 802.11 Wi-Fi to provide WLAN solutions for offices, general use hotspots, or for any WLAN applications, it is necessary to ensure that parameters such as the channels are correctly set to ensure the required performance is achieved.

Switches vs routers

• switch works on datalink layer while router works on network layer .Switches are considered layer-two devices, using MAC addresses to forward frames to their proper destination. Routers, layer-three devices, are much more complex, using microprocessor-based circuitry to route packets between networks based on their IP address. Routers provide the following services.router can become switch but switch cant beused as router. route discovery; selection of the best route to a destination; adaptation to changes in the network; translation from one technology to another, such as Ethernet to token ring; packet filtering based on IP address, protocol, or UDP/TCP port number; and connection to a WAN.

• Because of the additional processing required for each packet, a router has a higher latency than a switch. In addition, a router requires an initial set-up sequence, in which the ports are programmed and certain protocols and characteristics are enabled or disabled. A switch may be simply plugged into the network, automatically learning how to forward frames as the network is used. Note that some protocols (e.g., NetBEUI) can’t be routed; instead, they will pass through a switch. Finally, switches are used within networks to forward local traffic intelligently. Routers are used between networks to route packets between networks in the most efficient manner.

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